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Tectonic Evolution of San Juan: Its Economic Implications

Dr. Víctor A. Ramos (University of Buenos Aires and CONICET)

Victor A. Ramos has devoted more than 60 years to studying the geological evolution of the Andes. He is a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences, the World Academy of Sciences, the Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the Academies of Sciences of Chile, Brazil, and Argentina. Recognized by the University of Buenos Aires as one of the UBA Great Masters for his outstanding career, he has supervised numerous undergraduate and graduate theses. He is an Emeritus Researcher of the National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and Emeritus Professor at the University of Buenos Aires, and currently works at the Institute of Andean Studies of the University of Buenos Aires.

Conference Summary

The tectonic evolution of San Juan is one of the most complex among Argentine provinces. The richness of its stratigraphy, with complete Paleozoic and Meso–Cenozoic sequences, together with exposures of Proterozoic igneous and metamorphic rocks, allows reconstruction of tectonic processes from the earliest Grenvillian collisions to the present. Among these records is the accretion of the Cuyania terrane, one of the few sialic blocks worldwide for which it has been possible to reconstruct where and when it separated from Laurentia, how long it took to collide with Gondwana, and the processes involved in its amalgamation during the early Paleozoic.

The Upper Paleozoic is well represented by different types of sedimentary and igneous rocks and records the first episode of oceanic plate flattening beneath Gondwana. This flat-slab configuration has made it possible to identify the migration of magmatism and the associated deformation. Early Cretaceous seas entered from the Pacific, a connection that was interrupted with the first uplift of the Andes during the Late Cretaceous. During the Cenozoic, subduction became horizontal again, generating the Pampean flat-slab, one of the best examples worldwide where the processes that led to the uplift of the present Andes have been quantified and identified, linked to the broken foreland of the Sierras Pampeanas.

These two processes are responsible for the formation of Neopaleozoic deposits in the Western Precordillera and for the numerous gold and copper porphyry systems, mainly of Miocene age, that formed several deposits, among which the Vicuña district stands out as a world-class giant prospect.

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